Airline market exit after a shock event: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, passenger demand for air transportation declined drastically. In the Unites States (U.S.), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act provided financial assistance. In return, commercial passenger airlines were given minimum service obligations, which allowed airlines to remove markets (flights between origin and destination airport pairs) from their networks as long as they continued operating in all cities that they serviced pre-pandemic. A binary logit methodology is used to model airline-market level decisions to continue operating in a market or to exit it. Two time periods are modeled: during normal operating conditions (before the pandemic) and after a major shock event (after the beginning of the pandemic). Results show that after the pandemic, 8.4 times more airline markets are exited as compared to before. Interestingly, the probability of exit is found to vary widely across markets, airports, and airlines. Some market characteristics have a high probability of exit both before and after the pandemic, including low passenger revenue per available seat mile, low flight frequencies, and flights to/from multi-airport cities. In contrast, other market characteristics impact airlines' market exit decisions in only one time period rather than both. For example, during normal operating conditions, airport size does not impact market exit. However, after the pandemic, the probability of exit is 1.8 to 2.2 times higher for the larger hub airports as compared to the smallest airports (non-hubs), a result that is explained within the context of the CARES Act minimum service obligations.

Introduction

This book provides multiple insights and support to the policy area of transport and land use. It provides a focus on the ability of transport policy and land use policy to deliver not only the preferred urban form but also to do so with a level of accessibility for citizens to access the destinations of choice. Although not constrained by sections, the book starts from the more general and works toward the specific. Following scene setting to establish the links between urban form and accessibility and to explore the implications for sustainable planning in urban areas, chapters are grouped by topic. The next group of chapters discusses the impact of governance and this is followed by a number of chapters broadly investigating urban form and accessibility in the context of travel behavior. The following three groups of chapters discuss more specific areas: health, equity, and public transport network planning. The concluding chapter is an in-depth consideration of the role of logistics in the determination of sustainable urban form. In addition to summarizing the book’s chapters, this introduction provides a brief commentary on the influence of COVID-19 and identifies the areas for future research. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An Efficient Cost Performance Placement of Macro Sites and Small Cells Under Restricted Topology

The global COVID-19 pandemic leads people to intermittent quarantines and lockdowns. Many large and crowded gatherings were postponed or even cancelled to prevent social distance violation. The paper aims to tackle the placement problem of macro sites, microcells and picocells under a restricted network topology. The cell placement problem is defined based on linear programming. The algorithm named Cost Efficiency algorithm is proposed to construct a network with higher performance and lower cost. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm yields higher SINR value and more number of served users over construction cost compared with other planning algorithms. The result of this work is expected to help users have better network service quality when they are isolated in hospital or self-health monitoring at home. © 2021, ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.